Domesticating Foreign Subpoenas

Please note that some of the articles below are from prior years, so information may have been updated since this was published, but it will give you a great starting point.

Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act (UIDDA)

Uniform Foreign Depositions Act (UFDA)

An Introduction to Obtaining Out-of-State Discovery in State and Federal Court Litigation (2014)

Tips for Taking an Out-of-State Deposition from American Bar Association

A Guide to Using the UIDDA

Alabama

  • UIDDA
  • Issued with court involvement
  • ALA. CODE § 12-21-402
  • ALA. R. CIV. P. 28(c)
  • Application for Issuance of a Foreign
    Subpoena
  • The Alabama Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act took effect January 1, 2013 and only applies to civil actions. Ala. Code § 12-21-401. The Alabama Act procedurally follows the Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act. See §§ 12-21-400-407. However, the subpoena must be issued to a clerk of the circuit court in the county where the discovery is sought. § 12-21-402. The subpoena issued by the clerk of court must also plainly and prominently state on its face:
    THE RECIPIENT OF THIS SUBPOENA HAS THE RIGHT TO OBJECT TO THIS SUBPOENA WITHIN FIFTEEN (15) DAYS OF PROPER SERVICE BY SUBMITTING A
    REASONABLY SPECIFIC WRITTEN OBJECTION TO THE PARTY INITIATING THE SUBPOENA AS WELL AS THE LOCAL ISSUING CLERK OF THE COURT AT THE
    FOLLOWING ADDRESS: [ADDRESS OF CLERK OF COURT].
    Id. Alabama also added a section stating that one can only issue a subpoena pursuant to the Alabama Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act if the jurisdiction where the action is pending has enacted a similar act. § 12-21-
    406.

Alaska

  • UIDDA
  • ALASKA R. CIV. P. 45.1

Arizona

  • UIDDA
  • ARIZ. R. CIV. P. 45.1
  • Instructions for issuance of a foreign subpoena, from Maricopa County Clerk of
    Court
  • Ariz. R. Civ. P. 45.1 adopts the interstate depositions and discovery act and became effective January 1, 2013. Arizona requires the foreign subpoena to include the following phrase below the case number: “For the Issuance of an Arizona Subpoena Under Ariz. R. Civ. P. 45.1.” The clerk of court will then issue a signed, blank subpoena to the requestor and the requestor will complete the subpoena before serving it. In addition to the contact information of all parties and the discovery request from the foreign subpoena, the subpoena must also include  the following information or meet the following requirements: (1) the name of the Arizona court issuing it; (2) the caption and case number of the out-of-state case to which it relates, identifying the foreign jurisdiction where the case is pending before the case number; (3) comply with the specific form in Ariz. R. Civ. P. 45(a)(1); and (4) not exceed the discovery authorized in Rule 45. Id. Rule 45(a)(1) does not add any new requirements. If a protective order or motion to enforce, quash, or modify a subpoena is filed with the court, it must be filed as a separate civil action bearing the caption from the subpoena and must also include the following phrase: “Motion or Application Related to a Subpoena Issued Under Ariz. R. Civ. P. 45.1.”

Arkansas

  • Issued without court intervention by filing notice of deposition
  • ARK. R. CIV. P. 45(f)

California

  • California Subpoena Forms
  • California version of the Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act broadly says that a party can submit the original subpoena or a true and correct copy of the foreign subpoena. Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 2029.300. The foreign subpoena must be submitted to the superior court where discovery is sought. Id. In addition to submitting the foreign subpoena, the requestor must also submit an application requesting the superior court to issue a subpoena with the same terms as the foreign subpoena, which can be found at htp://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/subp030.pdf, and must pay a $20
    fee pursuant to Cal. Gov’t Code § 70626. § 2029.300. In addition to the terms of the foreign subpoena and the contact information of parties, the subpoena from the clerk of court must also: (1) include the caption and case number of the out-of-state case; (2) include the name of the court that issues it; and (3) be on the correct form. Id. Under the California Act, a request for relief is considered a petition instead of a motion and must be accompanied by a civil case cover sheet. § 2029.600. The Act applies to any discovery request in cases pending on or after January 1, 2010. §§ 2029.800-900.

Colorado

  • UIDDA
  • COLO. REV. STAT. ANN. §§ 13-90.5-101 to -107
  • Issuing out of state subpoena forms, from Colorado Judicial Branch
  • In order to request a subpoena in Colorado under the Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act, a party must submit the foreign Subpoena to the district court in the county where discovery is sought. Colo. Rev. Stat. § 13-90.5-103.

Connecticut

  • 2 procedures, one w/o court intervention
  • CONN. GEN. STAT. §§ 52-148e(f), 52-155; CONN. R. SUPER. CT. CIV. § 13-28(g)
  • Connecticut Superior Court

Delaware

  • UIDDA
  • DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 10, § 4311
  • Sample Delaware Subpoena
  • The Delaware Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act became effective July 12, 2010 and applies to requests for discovery in cases pending on or after July 12, 2010. See Del. Code Ann. tit. 10, § 4311. In order to serve a subpoena pursuant to the Delaware UIDDA, the requestor must send the foreign subpoena to the prothonotary in the county where discovery is sought. Id. A request for a protective order or to enforce, quash, or modify a subpoena must be submitted to the Superior Court in the county where discovery is sought. Id

District of Columbia

  • UIDDA or by commission with court approval
  • D.C. Code §§ 13-441 to -448; D.C. R. CIV. PROC. 28-I; D.C. CODE § 14-103
  • Regarding medical records: Order re Charca-Lupaca v. Maza
  • The Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act in the District of Columbia applied to discovery in cases pending on May 22, 2010. D.C. Code § 13-448. To request issuance of a subpoena, the requestor must issue the foreign subpoena to the clerk of the superior court. § 13-443. A request for a protective order or to enforce, quash, or modify a subpoena must be submitted to the superior court in the county where discovery is sought. § 13-446.

Florida

Georgia

  • UIDDA or by commission
  • O.C.G.A. §§ 24-13-110 to -116
  • The Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act in Georgia became effective January 1, 2013 and only applies to subpoenas served on or after July 1, 2013 in actions pending on or after July 1, 2013. Ga. Code Ann. §§ 24-13-110-116. Under the Georgia UIDDA, the foreign subpoena must be issued to a clerk of superior court in the county where the person receiving the subpoena resides. § 24-13-112. The clerk will then “issue and provide to the requestor a subpoena for service upon the person to which the foreign subpoena is directed.” Id. (emphasis added). The Georgia Act also does not apply to criminal proceedings. Id. One can only issue a subpoena pursuant to the Georgia Act if the jurisdiction where the subpoena is issued has adopted a version of the UIDDA. Id.

Hawaii

  • UIDDA or Issued with court involvement
  • HAW. REV. STAT. § 624D-1 to 624D-7; HAW. REV. STAT. § 624-27
  • The Hawaii UIDDA became effective April 12, 2012 and applied to any cases pending on or after that date. See Haw. Rev. Stat. § 624D-7. To request issuance of a subpoena, the requestor must issue the foreign subpoena to the clerk in the circuit where discovery is sought. § 624D-3. A motion to the court for a protective order or to enforce, quash, or modify a subpoena must be submitted to the court in the circuit where discovery is sought. Id.

Idaho

  • UIDDA
  • The Idaho UIDDA applies to discovery in cases pending on or after July 1, 2009 and only applies to states that have also implemented the UIDDA. See Idaho R. Civ. P. 45(i)(7)-(8). The Act only applies to civil lawsuits. Rule 45(i). The foreign subpoena must be submitted to a court in the county where discovery is sought and submitting a subpoena creates jurisdiction for an Idaho court to: (1) enforce the subpoena, (2) quash or modify the subpoena, (3) issue any protective order or resolve any other dispute relating to the subpoena, and (4) impose sanctions on the attorney requesting the issuance of the subpoena for any action constituting a violation of the Idaho Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 45(i)(3). The subpoena issued by the clerk is not required to incorporate the terms used in the foreign subpoena, but it must include all party information and advise the person to whom the subpoena is to that they have a right to petition the Idaho court to quash or modify the subpoena. Id

Illinois

  • UIDDA or Issued with court involvement
  • I.L.C.S. S. CT. RULE 204(b); 735 I.L.C.S. 35/1 to 35/9.5

Indiana

  • UIDDA or Issued with court involvement
  • IND. CODE §§ 34-44.5-1-1 to -44.5-1-11; IND. R. TRIAL PROC. 28(E)
  • Guidance from Marion County Superior Court
  • The Indiana version of the UIDDA applies to discovery in cases pending on July 1, 2010 or cases filed after June 30, 2010. Ind. Code Ann. § 34-44.5-1- 11. The foreign subpoena and any motion must be submitted to the county where discovery is to be sought. § 34-44.5-1-6, 9.

Iowa

  • UIDDA
  • Issued without court intervention
  • IOWA CODE ANN. RULE 1.1702; IOWA CODE ANN. § 622.84
  • The Iowa version of the UIDDA became effective February 4, 2013. Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.1702. In order to have a subpoena issued under the Iowa Act, the requestor must either: (1) request a signed, blank subpoena from the clerk of an Iowa court in the county in which discovery is to be conducted pursuant to rule 1.1701(2); or
    (2) arrange for an attorney who is retained by that party and who is licensed or otherwise authorized to practice law in Iowa to issue and sign the subpoena as an officer of the court pursuant to rule 1.1701(2). . . .
  • Rule 1.1702(2). The blank subpoena issued by the clerk must list the Iowa court in the county where discovery is sought as the court from which the subpoena is issued and must list the title of the action and docket number from the foreign jurisdiction. Id. A copy of the foreign subpoena must  also be included as an attachment. Id. An attorney can issue a subpoena without a court file being opened, but if the clerk issues a blank subpoena, a court file must be opened and will collect a $50 fee. Rule 1.1702(5). A court file will also be opened for any motions relating to the subpoena and the clerk will collect a $50 fee then as well. Id. Any fee that is paid in connection with a motion will be recoverable by the successful party. Rule 1.1702(6). An attorney who files a motion or reply must be eligible to appear in the courts of Iowa. Id.

Kansas

  • UIDDA
  • KAN. STAT. ANN. § 60-228a
  • Angela Higgins, Utilizing the Kansas UIDDA, Nov. 2013
  • In order to request issuance of a subpoena under the Kansas Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act, the requestor must send the foreign subpoena to the clerk of court in the county where discovery is sought along with the docket fee required by Kan. Stat. Ann. § 60-2001. § 60-228(a)(c)(1). The docket fee is $156 on or after July 1, 2009 through June 30, 2013, and $154 on or after July 1, 2013, and should be paid to the clerk of the district court. § 60-2001. When the clerk issues the subpoena to the party, they will also assign a case file number to the subpoena and enter it on the docket as a civil action. § 60-228(a)(c)(2). Any motions related to the subpoena must be submitted to the court in the county where discovery is sought. § 60-228(a)(f).

Kentucky

  • UIDDA
  • KY. REV. STAT. ANN. § 421.360
  • The Kentucky Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act applied to requests for discovery in cases pending on July 15, 2008. Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 421.360(8). The foreign subpoena and any motion relating to the subpoena must be submitted to the clerk of the circuit court in the county where discovery is sought. § 421.360(3), (6).

Louisiana

  • UIDDA
  • UFDA
  • LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 13:3825; LA. REV. STAT. ANN § 13.3821 (but comments to UIDDA note that this procedure is not required)
  • Christopher D. Cazenave & Graham H. Ryan, Interstate Discovery Simplified: Louisiana Passes the Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act, Louisiana Bar Journal, April/May 2015, at 426.
  • The Louisiana Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act was enacted June 19, 2014 and will be codified under § 13.3825 in the Louisiana Revised Statutes. 2014 La. HB 619 (June 19, 2014). To request a subpoena under the Louisiana Act, the requestor must present the original or a certified copy of a foreign subpoena to the clerk of court in the parish where discovery is sought. Id. Along with including the terms of the foreign subpoena and all parties contact information, the subpoena issued by the clerk must identify the caption and case number of the out-of-state case and state the name of the court in Louisiana that issued it and an identifying number. Id. A motion relating to the subpoena must be submitted to the district court that issued the subpoena. Id.

Maine

  • Issued with court involvement
  • ME. R. CIV. P. 30(h)

Maryland

  • UIDDA
  • MD. CODE ANN., CTS. & JUD. PROC. §§ 9-401 to -407
  • Blog post on Virginia Business Litigator, Sept. 30, 2014
  • The Maryland Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act became effective on October 1, 2008 and applied to any cases pending on or after that date. Md. Code Ann. Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 9-401. In order to request a subpoena under the Maryland act, a party must issue the foreign subpoena to the circuit court in the county where discovery is sought. § 9-402.

Massachusetts

  • Issued without court intervention (but should appoint commissioner with commission)
  • Alternative procedure requires court involvement
  • MASS. GEN. LAWS ch. 233, § 45; MASS. GEN. LAWS ANN. ch. 223A, § 11
  • Step by Step Instructions

Michigan

  • UIDDA
  • MICH. COMP. LAWS § 600.2201 to 600.2209; see also MICH. RULES
    M.C.R. 2.305(F)
  • Instructions from Oakland County Clerk
  • Form: Subpoena for Out-of-State Case, State of Michigan
  • The Michigan Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act became effective April 1, 2013 and only applies to requests for discovery in actions pending on April 1, 2013 or later. See Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.2208-2209. Under the Michigan Act, the foreign subpoena must be submitted to the circuit court in the county where discovery is sought. § 600.2203

Minnesota

  • UIDDA
  • Issued without court intervention
  • MINN. R. CIV. P. 45.06; MINN. R. CIV. P. 45.01(d)

Mississippi

  • UIDDA
  • MISS. CODE ANN. § 11-59-1 to -15; MISS. R. CIV. P. 45(a)(3)

Missouri

  • Issued with court involvement
  • MO. SUPREME COURT R. 57.08; MO. ANN. STAT. § 492.100
  • The Mississippi Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act applies to cases pending on or after July 1, 2011. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-59-1. To request a subpoena, a party must submit the foreign subpoena to a clerk in the county where discovery is sought. § 11-59-5.

Montana

  • UIDDA
  • MONT. R. CIV. P. 28(c)
  • The Montana version of the UIDDA became effective October 1, 2011. Mont. Code Ann. § 25-20-28(c). To request a subpoena, a party must submit the foreign subpoena to a clerk in the county where discovery is sought. Id.

Nebraska

  • similar to UFDA
  • NEB. CT. R. DISC. § 6-328(e)

Nevada

  • UIDDA
  • NEV. REV. STAT. §§ 53.100 to -53.200
  • The Nevada version of the UIDDA became effective on October 1, 2011. Nev. Rev. Stat. § 53.100. To request a subpoena, a party must submit the foreign subpoena to a clerk in the county where discovery is sought. §53.170.

New Hampshire

  • Similar to UFDA
  • N.H. REV. STAT. ANN. § 517- A:1; N.H. REV. STAT. ANN. § 517:18

New Jersey

New Mexico

  • UIDDA or Alternative procedure with court involvement
  • N.M. DIST. CT. CIV. PROC. R. 1-045.1; N.M. STAT. § 38-8-1
  • To request a subpoena, a party must submit the foreign subpoena to the clerk of the district court where discovery is sought. N.M. Dist. Ct. R. Civ. P. 1-045.1. Any motion relating to the subpoena must be filed in a court in the district where discovery is sought. Id. The New Mexico version of the UIDDA became effective August 7, 2009. Id.

New York

  • UIDDA
  • N.Y. C.P.L.R. 3119
  • Sample NY Subpoena, from Nassau County Clerk
  • The New York version of the UIDDA became effective January 1, 2011. NY C.P.L.R. Law § 3119. The foreign subpoena must be submitted to the county clerk in the county where discovery is sought. § 3119(b). If a party retains an attorney licensed in New York, that attorney may issue a subpoena under this section if he receives the original or true copy of the foreign subpoena. Id.

North Carolina

  • UIDDA
  • N.C. GEN. STAT. §§ 1F-1 to 1F-7
  • The North Carolina Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act became effective December 1, 2011 and applies to any cases pending on or after that date. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1F-1. The North Carolina legislature changed the definition of subpoena provided in the act to expressly authorize oral depositions or depositions upon written questions. § 1F2(5)(a). The foreign subpoena must be issued to a clerk in the county where discovery is sought. § 1F-3(a). After receiving the subpoena, the clerk will open a court file, assign a file number, collect the applicable filing fee pursuant to § 7A-305(a)(2) and issue the subpoena.

North Dakota

  • UIDDA
  • N.D. R. CT. 5.1; N.D. R. CIV. P. 45(a)(3)
  • In order to request issuance of a subpoena under the North Dakota UIDDA, a party must submit the foreign subpoena to a clerk of court in the county where discovery is sought. N.D. R. Ct. 5.1. Any applications to the court related to the subpoena must also be submitted to the court in the county where discovery is  sought. Id.

Ohio

Oklahoma

  • Issued with court involvement
  • OKLA. STAT. ANN. tit. 12, §2004.1(A)(2)(a)

Oregon

  • UIDDA
  • OR. R. CIV. P. 38(c); OR. UNIF. TRIAL CT. R. 5.140
  • The Oregon version of the UIDDA became effective January 1, 2014. ORCP 38. After the clerk receives the foreign subpoena, they will assign a case number and issue the Oregon subpoena. Rule 38(C)(2(b). If a party retains an attorney licensed to practice in Oregon, the Oregon attorney can assist the clerk in drafting the subpoena. Id. Although the request for a subpoena does not constitute an appearance in the court, it does allow the court to impose sanctions for violations of any applicable law in connection with the subpoena. Rule 38(C)(4). However, any motion related to the subpoena must be submitted to the court in the county where discovery is sought and does constitute an appearance in the court. Rule 38(C)(5).

Pennsylvania

  • UIDDA
  • 42 PA. CONS. STAT. ANN. §§ 5331 to 5337
  • The Pennsylvania Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act became effective on December 23, 2012 and only applies to civil actions. See 42 Pa. Con. Stat. § 5332.The Pennsylvania statute adds prothonotary under the definition section as “a clerk of court.” § 5333. It also expands the definition of a subpoena to include subpoenas to attend or give testimony at a hearing or trial and not just at depositions. Id. In order to request issuance of a subpoena pursuant to this act, a party must submit the foreign subpoena to the prothonotary in the jurisdiction where the person subpoenaed “is employed or regularly transacts business in person.” § 5335. The Pennsylvania act also provides that “a person within [the] Commonwealth not served with a subpoena under [the act] may voluntarily give his testimony or statement or produce documents or other things for use in a matter before a tribunal outside of [the] Commonwealth.” Id. Any motion or
    application to the court relating to the subpoena must be submitted to the court that issued the subpoena. § 5337

Rhode Island

  • Similar to UFDA
  • R.I. GEN. LAWS § 9-18-11

South Carolina

  • UIDDA
  • S.C. CODE ANN. §§ 15-47-100 to – 160; S.C. R. CIV. Proc. 28(d)
  • The South Carolina Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act became effective March 30, 2010 and applied to any cases pending on that date. S.C. Code Ann. §15-47-100. The South Carolina Act adds the definition of “clerk of court” to the definition section as meaning: a clerk of court who is duly elected for that county elected in each county pursuant to § 14-17-10 and who is ex officio
    clerk of the court of general sessions, the family court, and all other courts of record in the county except as may be provided by the law establishing the other courts. § 15-47-110. To request issuance of a subpoena, a party must submit the foreign subpoena to a clerk of court in the county where discovery is sought. § 15-47-120.

South Dakota

  • UIDDA
  • UFDA
  • S.D. CODIFIED LAWS § 15-6-28.1 TO -28.6; S.D. CODIFIED LAWS § 19-5-4
  • The South Dakota version of the UIDDA became effective July 1, 2012. S.D. Codified Laws § 15-6-28.1. To request a subpoena, a party must submit the foreign subpoena to a clerk of court in the county where discovery is sought. § 15-6-28.3. This act gives the court jurisdiction to enforce the subpoena, quash or modify the subpoena, issue any protective order relating to the subpoena, or impose sanctions on the attorney requesting the subpoena. Id. An attorney who is not licensed in South Dakota will be able to petition the courts in South Dakota, resolve any dispute related to the subpoena in the courts in South Dakota, or may respond in the courts to any petition or motion relating to the subpoena without being admitted pro hac vice. Id. Along with incorporating the terms of the foreign subpoena and containing the contact information for all parties, the subpoena issued by the clerk must also advise the person who is subpoenaed that they have a right to petition the court to quash or modify the subpoena. Id

Tennessee

  • UIDDA
  • TENN. CODE. ANN. §§ 24-9-201 to-207
  • The Tennessee Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act applied in cases pending on or after July 1, 2008. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 24-9-201. The foreign subpoena must be submitted to a clerk of court in the county where discovery is sought. § 24-9-203. If the court grants a motion to modify or quash a subpoena, they may award the person subpoenaed attorney’s fees and expenses occurred while defending against the subpoena. § 24-9-207. Any final order awarding fees and expenses will be a judgment entitled to full faith and credit. Id. If the court sustains the subpoena, they may award the prevailing party attorney’s fees and expenses. Id.

Texas

U.S. Virgin Islands

  • UIDDA
  • V.I. CODE ANN. tit. 5, §§ 4922-4925B
  • To request issuance of a subpoena under the Virgin Islands Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act, a party must submit the foreign subpoena to a clerk of court in the district where discovery is sought. 5 V.I.C. § 4924.

Utah

Vermont

  • UIDDA or Issued with court involvement
  • VT. R. CIV. P. 45(f); VT. R. CIV. P. 28(d)
  • Under UIDDA in Vermont, a party must submit the foreign subpoena to a clerk of court in the county where discovery is sought. V.R.C.P. 45(f)(3). Along with incorporating the terms of the foreign subpoena and including the contact information for all parties, the subpoena issued by the clerk must also advise the person subpoenaed that they have a right to make a motion to the Vermont court to modify or quash the subpoena. Id. The officer or individual responsible for service of a subpoena will not return a certificate of service or an affidavit to the court. Rule 45(f)(4). Instead, they will deliver it to the requestor. Id.

Virginia

  • UIDDA (reciprocity requirement)
  • VA. CODE ANN. § 8.01-412.8 to 412.15
  • Subpoena Under Foreign Subpoena
  • Foreign Subpoena / Subpoena Duces Tecum
  • Foreign Subpoena Info, Loudoun County
  • Blog post on Virginia Business Litigator, Sept. 30, 2014
  • The Virginia Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act applied to any request for discovery submitted on or after July 1, 2009. Va. Code Ann. § 8.01-412.15. To request issuance of a subpoena pursuant to the Virginia UIDDA, a party must submit a foreign subpoena and “a written statement that the law of the foreign jurisdiction grants reciprocal privileges to citizens of [Virginia] for taking discovery in the jurisdiction that issued the foreign subpoena.” § 8.01-412.10. A separate civil action does not need to be filed in order to petition the court for a protective order or to enforce, quash, or modify a subpoena. § 8.01-412.13. The act only applies if the foreign jurisdiction has enacted the UIDDA, a predecessor uniform act, or another comparable law or rule providing similar privileges for out-of-state parties. § 8.01-412.14.

Washington

  • UIDDA or Issued with court involvement
  • WASH. REV. CODE 5.51.010 TO -.902; WASH. SUPER. CT. CIV. R. 45(e)(4)
  • Foreign Subpoena Instruction Sheet from King County
  • The Washington version of the UIDDA applies to requests for discovery in cases pending on or after June 7, 2012. Wash. Rev. Code § 5.51.902. The foreign subpoena must be issued to the clerk of court in the county where discovery is  sought. § 5.51.020.

West Virginia

  • UIDDA or Issued with court involvement
  • W. VA. R. CIV. P. 28(d); W. VA. CODE §§ 56-12-1 to -8.

Wisconsin